Synchronization

Synchronization is coordination with respect to time. It is an important concept in the following fields:

• Computer science
• Physics
• Telecommunication
• Cryptography
• Multimedia
• Photography
• Music (rhythm)

Synchronization has several subtly distinct sub-concepts:

• Rate synchronization
• Phase synchronization
• Time offset synchronization
• Time order synchronization

Two different time sequences may be synchronized in one sense without being synchronized in another, or synchronized at one time scale whilst being asynchronous in another.

Systems operating with all their parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous. Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous.

For some applications relative offsets between events need to be determined, for others only the order of the event is important. The idea of simultaneity has many difficulties, both in practice and theory.

Some uses of synchronization

• Synchronization of image and sound in sound film.

• Synchronization is important in fields such as digital telephony, video and digital audio where streams of sampled data are manipulated.

• Synchronizers are needed in digital electronic systems such as microprocessors to deal with asynchronous inputs without generating metastable states.

• Encryption systems usually require some synchronization mechanism to ensure that the receiving cipher is decoding the right bits at the right time.

• Automotive transmissions contain synchronizers which allow the toothed rotating parts (gears and splined shaft) to be brought to the same rotational velocity before engaging the teeth.

• Synchronization is also important in industrial automation applications.

• Time codes are often used as a means of synchronization in film, video, and audio applications.

• Technologies such as GPS and NTP provide real-time access to a close approximation to the UTC timescale, and are used for many terrestrial synchronization applications.

• Flash photography, see Flash synchronization

• File synchronization

Whilst well-designed time synchronization is an important tool for creating reliable systems, excessive use of synchronization where it is not necessary can make systems less fault-tolerant, and hence less reliable.

See also

• asynchrony
• time
• time transfer
• timecode
• phase-locked loops
• flywheel
• synchronizer
• Mutual exclusion
• homochronous
• clock synchronization

In the field of video and audio engineering:

• genlock
• jam sync

Order synchronization and related topics:

• rendezvous problem
• interlocking
• race condition
• concurrency control
• room synchronization

Compare with:

• Synchronicity