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Valech Report
The Valech Report (official title: The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study published on November 29, 2004 that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 and 1990 by agents of Augusto Pinochet's military regime. It was prepared at the request of President Ricardo Lagos by the eight-member National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture headed by Bishop Sergio Valech and is freely available to the public via the Internet.
The report was based on testimony given to the commission by more than thirty-five thousand people, of which approximately twenty-eight thousand were regarded as legitimate. Addressing the nation on November 28, 2004, President Lagos said he would propose a bill that would provide compensation to the victims.
Excerpts
Excerpts from the report as translated by The Miami Herald [1].
- Consciously or unconsciously, a conspiracy of silence about the torture spread slowly through the country. Political prison and torture constituted a state policy during the military regime, defined and promoted by the political authorities of the period which mobilized personnel and resources of various public organizations and issued decrees and laws that protected such repressive behavior. And this had the support, explicit sometimes but almost always implicit, of the only power that was not a member of that regime: the judiciary.
- [More than 18,000 of the 35,868 respondents] said they were detained between September and December 1973. During that period, torture was practiced by members of the Armed Forces and Carabineros [paramilitary police] in what became a generalized practice on a national scale.
- [More than 5,266 respondents] were political prisoners detained between January 1974 and August 1977, when new modalities of detention and torture were created. By June 1974, the DINA [Directorate of National Intelligence] was granted full legal recognition and its own budget.
- [Almost 4,000 respondents] were persons detained for political motives between August 1977 and March 1990. The final period of the repressive process was distinguished by the activities of the CNI [National Information Center.] In 3,059 cases, the detainees were kept in CNI facilities.
- As the citizenry rearticulated itself politically, the Investigations Department Police [police detectives] and Carabineros intervened again most actively in the tasks of coercion, detaining (for shorter periods) and torturing (with the usual methods) either on their own or placing oppositionists at the disposal of the CNI, military or civilian tribunals for processing.
Methods of torture
- The methods of torture described by witnesses before this Commission included:
- Repeated beatings
- Deliberate corporal lesions
- Bodily hangings [suspensions]
- Forced positions
- Application of electricity
- Threats
- Mock execution by firing squad
- Humiliation
- Stripping down to nakedness
- Sexual aggression and violence
- Witnessing and listening to torture committed on others
- Russian roulette
- Witnessing the execution of other detainees
- Confinement in subhuman conditions
- Deliberate privation of means of existence
- Sleep deprivation or interruption
- Asphyxia
- Exposure to extreme temperatures
Sexual violence against women
- This Commission heard testimony from 3,399 women, almost all of whom said they were the object of sexual violence; 316 said they were raped. Of the latter, 229 were detained while pregnant. Because of the torture they suffered, 20 of them aborted and 15 gave birth while in prison. Thirteen women said they were made pregnant by their captors; six of those pregnancies came to term.
- Utilized as places of detention and interrogation were the most diverse facilities: Armed Forces bases, police precinct houses, ships, city halls, stadiums, prison camps, jails and secret prisons operated by the DINA and CNI.
- Practically everyone who testified before the Commission stated that they were detained with extreme violence, some in front of their children, in the middle of the night, with shouts, blows and threats of death made to the detainee and other family members, creating an atmosphere of terror and anguish.
- Although prison conditions varied, detainees generally slept on the floor, without a mattress or blanket; they were deprived of food and water or were given scant and awful food. They lived in crowded and unhealthy conditions, without access to toilets or baths, and were subjected to constant humiliation and abuses of power.
- [At DINA facilities] daily life was characterized by insalubrious physical conditions and constant psychological pressure on the prisoners, who were kept tied up, blindfolded and in total uncertainty. At all times, they were exposed to brutal interrogations.
- Of the total number of witnesses, 23,856 were men; 3,399 were women. Of the younger detainees, 766 were between 16 and 17 years old; 226 were between 13 and 15, and 88 were 12 years old and younger.
- In addition to inflicting physical trauma, the torture left psychological consequences.
- Most witnesses described behavioral, emotional and psychosocial effects. Many said they had felt — and still feel — insecure and fearful, humiliated, ashamed and guilty; depressed, anxiety-ridden and hopeless. Some persons mentioned alterations in their concentration and memory; others cited conflicts, crises and breakups within their families, as well as conjugal problems. They also mentioned the loss of reference groups and social networks. Most victims mentioned sleep disturbances and chronic insomnia, as well as behavioral inhibitions, phobias and fears.
See also
External links
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